Early in April 1933, the German government passed a law declaring that Jews {defined as anyone with a Jewish grandparent} could not hold an official position, including at the Academy or at the universities. Among those forced to flee were fourteen Nobel laureates and twenty-six of the sixty professors of theoretical physics in the country. Fittingly, such refugees from fascism who left Germany or the other countries it came to dominate-Einstein, Edward Teller, Victor Weisskopf, Hans Bethe, Lise Meitner, Niels Bohr, Enrico Fermi, Otto Stern, Eugene Wigner, Leó Szilárd, and others-helped to assure that the Allies rather than the Nazis first developed the atom bomb. Planck
( Walter Isaacson )
[ Einstein: His Life and ]
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