Building on Linz's work, we have developed a set of four behavioral warning signs that can help us know an authoritarian when we see one. We should worry when a politician 1} rejects, in words or action, the democratic rules of the game, 2} denies the legitimacy of opponents, 3} tolerates or encourages violence, or 4} indicates a willingness to curtail the civil liberties of opponents, including the media. Table 1 shows how to assess politicians in terms of these four factors.
( Steven Levitsky )
[ How Democracies Die ]
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